Epidemiology of Communicable Diseases

Communicable Diseases

Communicable Diseases. Attention to non-communicable diseases is increasing with increasing frequency of disease incidence in the community. WHO divides three main causes of death are:
- Coronary heart disease
- Diarrhea
- Stroke

In Indonesia there is a change of disease patterns from infectious diseases to non-communicable diseases, known as epidemiological transition.

The occurrence of this disease pattern changes can be related to several things, namely:

1.       Changes in the structure of society from agrarian to industrial.

2.   Changes in the structure of the population is decreasing young children and an increasing number of elderly population because of the success of family planning.

3.       Improvements in environmental sanitation to reduce the spread of infectious diseases

4.       The increase due to emancipation of women workers

5.       Improving health services in combating infectious diseases and increasing life expectancy.

More or less non-communicable diseases have in common with the title:
    Chronic Disease
    Non-infectious diseases
    New communicable disease
    Degenerative Diseases

Chronic diseases because of Communicable Diseases are usually chronic, but there is also a continuance sudden eg poisoning

Non-Infectious Diseases  because the causes of non-Communicable Diseases microorganisme, but it does not mean there is no mikroorganisme role in the occurrence of Communicable Diseases.

Degenerative Diseases associated with the process of degeneration / decay.

New comminicable disease can be transmitted through lifestyle, lifestyles can be related to diet, sex lives and global communications.

Characteristics of non-communicable diseases:

1.       Disease transmission is not through a particular transmission chain

2.        Long incubation period

3.       Perlangsungan chronic disease

4.       Many have trouble diagnosis

5.       Having a wide variation

6.       Requires a high cost in efforts to prevent or overcome.

7.       Multikausal contributing factor, even it is not clear.

Examples of non-communicable diseases

    heart disease
    cancer
    metabolic diseases
    Injury and poisoning
    etc.

Concept of Causal Relationships And Cause-Communicable Diseases

·        Complex causal network → difficult to establish cause or causes of primary or direct cause of a disease, such as the occurrence of a myocardial infarction is caused by many factors interchangeable.

·        If any one health problem has several possible causes of the problem can be attacked from various directions.

The relationship between causal factors and disease can have several forms, namely:

    Single cause / single-effect model
    Multiple cause / single-effect model
    Multiple cause / multiple effect model

Example: heart disease is the leading cause of death with the causal factors that include smoking, hypertension, elevated cholesterol levels, lack of exercise, diabetes, stress and family history.

Communicable Diseases Epidemiology Approach

·        Approach to Non-Communicable Diseases epidemiology different from infectious diseases, ranging from its determination as a matter of Public Health to the prevention and mitigation efforts.

·        Studying Non-Communicable Diseases which perlangsungannya chronic, long latent period has some trouble with just making observations based on personal experience obsevasional from community members only. If the observation was intended to determine the hub between exposure to the occurrence of disease, then some difficulties to be faced.

·        Prevention of Communicable Diseases
Principles of disease prevention is better than cure still goes for Communicable Diseases.

4 The Prevention of Communicable Diseases

Primordial Prevention → intended to provide the conditions in society that allows the disease do not receive basic support from habits, lifestyle and other risk factors. This effort was extremely complex, not only an effort of health but multimitra.

1.     Prevention of the first level, includes:
Public Health Promotion, for example: public awareness campaigns, health promotion, education Public Health. Special prevention, eg prevention ketrpaparan, giving kemopreventif

2.     Prevention of second level, includes:
Early diagnosis, for example by conducting screening.  Treatment, chemotherapy or surgery

3.     The third level of prevention, including:
Rehabilitation, such as nursing home care, hospital care
Non Communicable Diseases Prevention efforts aimed at risk factors that have been identified.

Screening Communicable Diseases
Screening or filtering is an attempt to detect / find people with specific diseases without symptoms in the community or a particular group through a test / examination, which is short and simple to memisahakan they are likely to suffer, to be diagnosed and continued with treatment. Screening is closely associated with the risk factors of Non-Communicable Diseases.